Noam Sagiv

Education and Employment

• Lecturer in Psychology (Assistant Prof. equiv.) Centre for Cognition and Neuroimaging, Brunel University
• Research Fellow, Dept of Psychology and Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London.
• PhD in Psychology, University of California, Berkeley [Advisor: Prof. Lynn C. Robertson]
• MSc in Neurobiology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem [Advisor: Prof. Shlomo Bentin]
• BSc in Physics and Chemistry, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem.

Research Interests

• Synesthesia (further information on synesthesia and research participation,  edited book, see also this review)
• Neural correlates of consciousness.
• Disorders of object perception, pseudo-hallucination, palinopsia, metamorphopsia
• Face recognition,  developmental prosopagnosia, face perception disorders - prosopometamorphopsia

Current Funding

Mind Science Foundation. 2011-2012. “Conscious and unconscious olfactory processing in response to visual stimuli: Social cognition and the neural correlates of perceptual awareness” (PI: N Sagiv; Co-I: A.L. Williams). $15,000.

Publications (on PubMed)

Journal Articles and Book Chapters

Sagiv N  & Bentin S (2001).  Structural encoding of human and schematic faces: Holistic and part-based processes. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 13(7), 937-951. [abstract], [pdf]

Vuilleumier P & Sagiv N (2001).  Two eyes make a pair: facial organization and perceptual learning reduce visual extinction. Neuropsychologia 39(11), 1144-1149. [abstract], [pdf]

Vuilleumier P, Sagiv N, Hazeltine E, Poldrack RA, Swick D, Rafal RD, & Gabrieli JD (2001).  Neural fate of seen and unseen faces in visuospatial neglect: A combined event-related fMRI and ERP study. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 98(6), 3495-3500. [abstract], [pdf]

Bentin S, Sagiv N, Mecklinger A, Friederici A, &  von Cramon YD (2002).  Priming visual face-processing mechanisms: Electrophysiological evidence. Psychological Science 13(2), 190-193. [abstract], [pdf]

Sagiv N (2005).  Synesthesia in perspective. In L.C. Robertson & N. Sagiv (Eds.), Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience (pp. 3-10). New York: Oxford University Press.   [pdf]

Sagiv N & Robertson LC (2005). Synesthesia and the Binding Problem. In L.C. Robertson & N. Sagiv (Eds.), Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience (pp.90-107). New York: Oxford University Press. [pdf]

Cohen-Kadosh R, Sagiv N, Linden DE, Robertson LC, Elinger G, Henik A (2005). When blue is larger than red: Colors Influence Numerical Cognition in Synesthesia. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 17(11), 1766-1773. [abstract], [pdf]

Sagiv N, Heer J, & Robertson L (2006).  Does binding of synesthetic color to the evoking grapheme require attention? Cortex 42(2), 232-242.  [abstract], [pdf]

Sagiv N, Simner J, Collins J, Butterworth B, & Ward J (2006). What is the relationship between synaesthesia and visuo-spatial number forms? Cognition 101(1), 114-128.  [abstract], [pdf]

Le Grand R, Cooper PA,  Mondloch CJ,  Lewis TL, Sagiv N, de Gelder B, and Maurer D (2006). What aspects of face processing are impaired in developmental prosopagnosia?  Brain and Cognition 61(2), 139-158. [abstract], [pdf].

Simner J, Mulvenna C, Sagiv N, Tsakanikos E, Witherby SA, Fraser C, Scott K, and Ward J (2006). Synaesthesia: The prevalence of atypical cross-modal experiences. Perception 35(8), 1024-1033. [abstract], [pdf]

Sagiv N & Ward J (2006). Cross-modal interactions: Lessons from synesthesia. In Martinez-Conde, S., Macknik, S.L., Martinez, L.M., Alonso, J-M., & Tse, P.U. (Eds). Progress in Brain Research, Vol. 155 (263-275). London: Elsevier Science.  [pdf]

Ward J, Li R, Salih S, & Sagiv N (2007). Varieties of Grapheme-Colour Synaesthesia: A New Theory of Phenomenological and Behavioural Differences. Consciousness and Cognition 16(4), 913-931.  [abstract], [pdf].

Ward J & Sagiv N (2007). Synaesthesia for Finger Counting and Dice Patterns: A Case of Higher Synaesthesia?  Neurocase 13(2), 86-93. [abstract], [pdf].

Sagiv N,  Dean RT, & Bailes F (2009). Algorithmic Synaesthesia. In Dean RT (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Computer Music (pp 294-311). New York: Oxford University Press.  [pdf].

Ward J, Sagiv N & Butterworth B (2009). The Impact of Visuo-Spatial Number Forms on Simple Arithmetic. Cortex, 45(10), 1261-5. [abstract], [pdf].

Sagiv N, Ilbeigi, & Ben-Tal O (2011). Reflections on Synaesthesia, Perception, and Cognition. Intellectica, 55, 81-94. [pdf].

Amin M, Olu-Lafe O, Claessen LE, Sobczak-Edmans M, Ward J, Williams AL, Sagiv N (2011). Understanding Grapheme Personification: A Social Synaesthesia? Journal of Neuropsychology, 5, 255-282.  [pdf].

The paper “Understanding grapheme personification: A social synaesthesia?” was awarded the Journal of Neuropsychology Best Paper Prize in conjunction with the BPS Division of Neuropsychology and the British Neuropsychological Society.

Sobczak-Edmans M, & Sagiv N (2013). Synesthetic personification: The social world of graphemes. In Simner J and Hubbard (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Synesthesia (pp 222-238). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [pdf]

Sagiv N, & Frith CD (2013). Synesthesia and consciousness. In Simner J. and Hubbard EM (Eds.), Oxford Handbook of Synesthesia (pp 924-940). Oxford: Oxford University Press. [pdf]

Sagiv N & Ben-Tal O (submitted).  Nocturnal synesthesia.

Edited Book

Robertson LC & Sagiv N (2005). Synesthesia: Perspectives from Cognitive Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press. 

Book Reviews

Sagiv N (2003). Synesthesia revisited: A review of Richard Cytowic's Synesthesia: Union of the Senses. Psyche 9(16). [full text]

Abstracts (*=Oral paper)

Sagiv N* (2013). Synesthesia - A window into human consciousness and social cognition. 10th Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association, May 31 – June 2, Toronto, Ontario [Keynote Lecture]

Sagiv N* (2013). The neural basis of social cognition: From face perception to social synaesthesia. A Passion for Science: Cognitive Neuroscience through the Lens of Shlomo Bentin's Students and Collaborators (Memorial conference in honour of Prof. Shlomo Bentin), June 25, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel.

Sagiv N*, Williams S., Ilbeigi A., & Williams AL (2012). When Social Cognition Meets Cross-Modal Interactions: Mirroring Other People’s Experiences. 16th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, July 2-6, Brighton, UK.

Arvaniti M, Sagiv N, Lecoutre L, & Vatakis A (2012). Is A always red? Multisensory integration of synesthetic stimuli in synesthetes and non-synesthetes. 13th International Multisensory Research Forum, June 19-22, Oxford, UK.

Sagiv N., Sobczak M, Ilbeigi A., & Williams S (2012). Social Synaesthesia. 4th International Congress on Synesthesia, Science and Art. Feb 16-19. University of Almeria, Spain.

Sobczak M, Williams AL, & Sagiv N (2011). Synaesthesia, language and gender: an fMRI investigation into femininity/masculinity assignment to nouns. 9th Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association, Oct 14-16, University of California, San Diego, USA.

Sagiv, N. (2011). Is there such a thing as normal perception? Lessons from synaesthesia and hallucinations. 15th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 9-12, Kyoto, Japan.

Sobczak M, Sagiv N, & Williams AL (2011). Automatic attributions of human qualities to graphemes and linguistic sequences in synaesthesia: an fMRI study. 15th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 9-12, Kyoto, Japan.

Sobczak M, Sagiv N, & Williams AL (2011). Personification and the brain: An fMRI study. UK Synaesthesia Association Meeting, March 26-27, University of East London.

Hamilton-Fletcher, G, Sagiv N, & Williams AL (2011). An fMRI Study of Projector and Associator Grapheme-Colour Synaesthetes. UK Synaesthesia Association Meeting, March 26-27, University of East London.

Sagiv N, Ilbeigi A, & Ben-Tal O (2011). Is there such a thing as normal perception? UK Synaesthesia Association Meeting, March 26-27, University of East London.

Sagiv N*, Ilbeigi A, Williams S, & Williams AL (2010). Gustatory cortex activation with and without perceptual awareness of taste. 14th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 24-27, Toronto, Ontario , Canada

Sobczak M, Sagiv N, & Williams AL (2010). Reflections of the self: A neuroimaging investigation of the link between animistic thought and self-processing. 14th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 24-27, Toronto , Ontario , Canada .

Sobczak M, Williams AL, Sagiv N (2010). Synaesthetic personification: New perspectives on social cognitive neuroscience. UK Synaesthesia Association. March 27-28. University of Sussex.

Ben-Tal O & Sagiv N (2010). Auditory-visual synaesthesia: Investigations using dynamic sounds and spontaneous reports between sleep and wakefulness. UK Synaesthesia Association. March 27-28. University of Sussex.

Noam Sagiv* (2009). Visual-gustatory interactions in synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. 3rd International Congress on Synesthesia and Art. Apr 26 -29, Granada, Spain.

Noam Sagiv* (2008).  Re-conceptualising synaesthesia: Empirical motivation and theoretical advantages. 7th Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association, Sep 26-28, Hamilton, Ontario.

Noam Sagiv* (2008). Do brain mechanisms underlying synaesthesia reflect universal cross-modal interactions? Asia-Pacific Conference on Vision, July 21, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia. [Invited talk]

Noam Sagiv (2008). Synaesthesia and the Scientific Study of Consciousness. UK Synaesthesia Association 4nd Annual Meeting. March 29-30. Edinburgh.

Noam Sagiv & Jamie Ward (2008). Synaesthesia for finger counting and dice patterns: A case report and implication for understanding individual differences among synaesthetes. 26th European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Jan 20-25, Bressanone, Italy.

Noam Sagiv & Jamie Ward (2008).  Numerical Cognition in Colour: Synaesthesia for Finger Counting and Dice Patterns. 15th Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 12-15, San Francisco, CA.

Noam Sagiv* (2007). Varieties of synaesthetic experience and mental imagery: some clues to understanding the mystery of consciousness. 2nd International Congress on Synesthesia and Art. Apr 28 - May 1, Granada, Spain. [Invited talk]

Noam Sagiv, Loes Claessen, & Adrian Williams (2007). Retrosplenial cortex involvement in synaesthesia. 25th European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Jan 21-26, Bressanone, Italy.

Noam Sagiv* (2006). Personification, animism, and synaesthesia: Some clues to the origin of second person perspectives. British Psychological Society Consciousness and Experiential Psychology Section 10th Annual Conference, Sep 15-17, Oxford, UK. [abstract].

Noam Sagiv (2006). Is synaesthesia limited to cross-sensory correspondences? The case of animism. Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness 10th Annuam Meeting, June 23-26, Oxford, UK.

Noam Sagiv*, Olufemi Olu-Lafe, Maina Amin, and Jamie Ward (2006). Grapheme personification: A profile. UK Synaesthesia Association 2nd Annual Meeting. April 22-23. London, UK.

Noam Sagiv, Olufemi Olu-Lafe, Maina Amin, Jamie Ward (2006). A neurocognitive perspective on animism. 13th Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 8-11, San Francisco, CA.

Noam Sagiv* (2006). Synesthesia, anthropomorphization, and animism. Toward a Science of Consciousness, April 4-8, Tucson, Arizona.

Noam Sagiv*, Maina Amin, Olufemi Olu-Lafe, and Jamie Ward (2005). Beyond Colour: Further Varieties of Synaesthetic Experience. 14th European Society for Cognitive Psychology meeting, Aug 31 - Sep 3, Leiden, The Netherlands.

Noam Sagiv* (2005). Anomalous cross modal interactions in synaesthesia. European Conference on Visual Perception (ECVP), August 22-26, A Coruña, Spain. [Invited talk]

Noam Sagiv* (2005). Beyond color: A broader perspective on synesthetic experience. First International Congress on Synesthesia and Art. July 25-28, .Almeria, Spain. [Invited talk]

Noam Sagiv*, Maina Amin, Olufemi Olu-Lafe, and Jamie Ward (2005). Varieties of synaesthetic experience: The case of number forms and grapheme personification. First meeting of the UK Synaesthesia Association. April 15-17. London, UK.

Noam Sagiv, Catherine Mulvenna, Elias Tsakanikos, Athene Witherby, James Collins, Julia Simner, and Jamie Ward (2005). How common is synaesthesia? New prevalence studies and some clues concerning its cognitive, neural, and genetic basis. 12th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 10-12, New York, NY.

Noam Sagiv, Brian Butterworth, and Jamie Ward (2005). The Perceptual Reality of Number Forms. 23rd European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Jan 23-28, Bressanone, Italy.

Noam Sagiv*, Elias Tsakanikos, Athene Witherby, James Collins, Julia Simner, and Jamie Ward (2004). Prevalence of Synesthesia and Number Forms. 4th Annual National Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association, Nov 5-7, University of California, Berkeley.

Roi Cohen-Kadosh*, Noam Sagiv, David E. J. Linden, Lynn Robertson, Gali Elinger, Avishai Henik (2004). When blue is larger than red - implicit activation of magnitude in synesthesia. 8th annual meeting of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, June 26-28, Antwerp, Belgium.

Noam Sagiv*, Alexandra List, Lynn C. Robertson (2004). Prosopo-metamorphopsia: When Face Perception Goes Wrong. 8th annual meeting of the Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness, June 26-28, Antwerp, Belgium. [abstract]

Roi Cohen-Kadosh, Noam Sagiv, Gali Elinger, Lynn Robertson, David Linden, Avishai Henik (2004). The magnitude of colors and numbers in synesthesia. 11th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 18-20, San Francisco, CA.

Joseph M. DeGutis, Noam Sagiv, Mark D'Esposito, & Lynn Robertson (2004). The fusiform face area in prosopagnosia: inefficient interactions during attention and working memory tasks. 11th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 18-20, San Francisco, CA.

Noam Sagiv* (2004). Open questions in synesthesia research (2004). Toward a Science of Consciousness, April 7-11, Tucson, Arizona.

Noam Sagiv, Alexandra List, Lynn C. Robertson (2004). Varieties of anomalous face perception. 22nd European Workshop on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Jan 25-30, Bressanone, Italy.

Richard Le Grand, Daphne Maurer, Catherine Mondloch, Bradley Duchaine, Noam Sagiv, & Beatrice de Gelder (2003). What Types of Configural Face Processing Are Impaired In Prosopagnosia?  Canadian Society for Brain, Behaviour and Cognitive Science 13th Annual Meeting, June 12-14, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario.

Richard Le Grand, Daphne Maurer, Catherine Mondloch, Bradley Duchaine, Noam Sagiv, & Beatrice de Gelder (2003). What Types of Configural Face Processing Are Impaired In Prosopagnosia? 3rd Annual Meeting of the Vision Sciences Society, May 9-14th, Sarasota, FL.

Noam Sagiv, Robert T. Knight, & Lynn C. Robertson (2003). Electrophysiological markers of synesthesia. 10th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, March 30 - April 1, New York, NY.

Noam Sagiv, Alexandra List, Leon Deouell, Patrik Vuilleumier, Robert Knight, Mark D'Esposito, & Lynn Robertson (2002). Visual perseveration for faces, places, objects, and fonts; implications for functional organization of the ventral pathway. 9th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 14-16, San Francisco, CA.

Alexandra List, Noam Sagiv, Patrik Vuilleumier, Leon Deouell, Mark D'Esposito, Robert Knight, & Lynn Robertson (2002). Visual perseveration for faces and places: Neuroimaging studies. 9th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 14-16, San Francisco, CA.

Lynn Robertson* & Noam Sagiv (2002). Seeing and binding:  Lessons from a synesthete. 9th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 14-16, San Francisco, CA.

Noam Sagiv*, Patrik Vuilleumier, Robert T. Knight, & Lynn C. Robertson (2001). Face to face with binding problems. Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness 5th annual meeting, May 27-30, Duke University, Durham, NC.

Noam Sagiv* (2001). Synesthesia and Visual Attention. First Annual National Meeting of the American Synesthesia Association, May 19, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ. [Invited talk]

Noam Sagiv, Lisa Barnes, Diane Swick, & Lynn Robertson (2001). The neurophysiology of face blindness. 8th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, March 25-27, New York City.

Joseph Brooks, Noam Sagiv, and Lynn Robertson (2001). Processing of complex face stimuli in unilateral neglect. 8th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, March 25-27, New York City.

Noam Sagiv*, Lisa Barnes, & Lynn Robertson (2000). The Neural Bases of Congenital Prosopagnosia. Society for Neuroscience 30th Annual Meeting, Nov 4-9, New Orleans, LA.

Patrik Vuilleumier, & Noam Sagiv (2000). Two eyes make one pair: Top-down influences of facial organization on preattentive grouping in visual extinction. Cognitive and Neural Bases of Spatial Neglect, Sep 14-17, Como, Italy.

Shlomo Bentin, Noam Sagiv, Michael Fink, Nurit Graber, & Yulia Golland (2000). Conceptual priming of early visual mechanisms: Structural encoding of human faces. Psychology After The Year 2000: International Conference on Psychology, June 12-14, Haifa, Israel.

Noam Sagiv, Patrik Vuilleumier, Diane Swick (2000). The neural fate of extinguished faces: Electrophysiological correlates of conscious and unconscious perception in patients with unilateral spatial neglect. 7th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 9-11, San Francisco, CA.

Patrik Vuilleumier, Eliot Hazeltine, Russel Poldrack, Noam Sagiv, Robert Rafal, & John Gabrieli (2000). The neural fate of extinguished faces: An event-related fMRI study of visual extinction. 7th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 9-11, San Francisco, CA.

Shlomo Bentin & Noam Sagiv (1999).  What it takes to see a face: Studies in schematic faces processing. 39th Annual Meeting of the Society for Psychophysiological Research, October 6-10, Granada, Spain.

Noam Sagiv & Shlomo Bentin (1999). Forming structural representations of human faces: an electrophysiological study. 6th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 11-13, Washington, DC.

Shlomo Bentin, Axel Mecklinger, Volker Bosch, Noam Sagiv, & D. Yves von Cramon (1999).  In the eyes of the beholder: Context-induced activation of face-specific perceptual mechanisms. 6th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Neuroscience Society, April 11-13, Washington, DC.

Noam Sagiv & Shlomo Bentin (1998). Exploring the function of the face structural encoding mechanism: ERP responses to faces and schematic faces.  10th Congress of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology, Sep 13-17, Jerusalem.

Symposia and Workshops Organized

Noam Sagiv & Edward Hubbard (2002). The Cognitive Neuroscience of Synesthesia: A Cognitive Neuroscience Society symposium. 9th Annual Meeting, April 14-16, San Francisco (Speakers: V.S. Ramachandran, A.N. Rich, P.M. Merikle, L.C. Robertson).

Noam Sagiv & Patrik Vuilleumier (2003). Distributed and Interactive Systems Subserving Face Processing in the Human Brain: Functional Neuroanatomy, Electrophysiology, & Neuropsychology; A symposium presented at 6th IBRO World Congress of Neuroscience, Prague, Czech Republic, July 10-15, 2003 (Speakers: J.V Haxby, S. Bentin, H.D. Ellis, P. Vuilleumier).

Noam Sagiv (2004). Synaesthesia: A workshop offered at the 8th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 25, Antwerp, Belgium.

Alicia Callejas, Noam Sagiv, Juan Lupiáñez (2005). Synaesthesia: Recent findings and future directions. A symposium organized at the XIV Conference of the European Society for Cognitive Psychology (ESCoP). Aug 31 – Sep 3. Leiden, The Netherlands (Speakers: P. Merikle, N. Sagiv, J. Simner, J. Ward, C. Spence, A. Henik, C. Mohr, A. Callejas, P. Weiss, E. Hubbard).

Noam Sagiv (2006). Synaesthesia. A workshop. Toward a Science of Consciousness, Tucson, Arizona, April 4.

Noam Sagiv (2009). Mirroring the Self and Others: Some Insights into Bodily Awareness from Positive Symptoms in Neuropsychology. 13th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 5-8, Berlin, Germany. (Speakers: J. Ward, P. Brugger, O. Blanke).

Noam Sagiv (2009). Synaesthesia: A tutorial workshop offered at the 13th Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness meeting, June 5-8, Berlin, Germany.

Professional Memberships

• Association for Psychological Science
• Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness
• International Neuroethics Society
• International Brain Research Organization

Professional Services

• Association for the Scientific Study of Consciousness Membership Committee (Committee member 2006-2009; Committee Chair in 2008).
• Ad hoc reviewer for the National Science Foundation (NSF).
• Ad hoc reviewer for the European Science Foundation (ESF).
• Ad hoc reviewer for the Israel Science Foundation (ISF).
• Ad hoc reviewer for Brain.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Cerebral Cortex.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Cognition.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Cognitive Brain Research.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Cognitive Neuropsychology.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Consciousness & Cognition.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Cortex.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Current Biology.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Frontiers in Neuroscience.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Journal of Neural Transmission.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Journal of Neuropsychology.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Neuropsychologia.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Neuroscience.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Perception.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Proceedins of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)
• Ad hoc reviewer for Proceedins of the Royal Society of London.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Psychological Science.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Psychophysiology.
• Ad hoc reviewer for Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology
• Behavioral and Brain Sciences (BBS) associate.

Scientific Genealogy
This is my neurotree: [compact form] [32 generations, dating back to the 14th century].
My Erdős number is 5 as far as I know (via Fishburn, Luce, Wandell, Gabrieli).
Here is my connection with a number of prominent figures in psychology and a number of other disciplines:

Psychology William James Wilhelm Wundt Mary Calkins Jean Piaget J. J. Gibson Anne Treisman Daniel Kahneman Roger Shepard Heinrich Klüver Sigmund Freud Philosophy Ludwig Wittgenstein Bertrand Russell Edmund Husserl Franz Brentano William of Ockham Daniel Dennett

Neuroscience / Neuropsychology Paul Broca Sir Charles Sherrington Elizabeth Warrington Brenda Milner Norman Geschwind Korbinian Brodmann Wilder Penfield A. R. Luria Paul Yakovlev Ivan Pavlov Ramon Y Cajal Camillo Golgi Michael Gazzaniga Life Sciences Thomas Huxley Richard Dawkins Sir Francis Galton

Physics & Chemistry Albert Einstein Galileo Galilei Hermann Von Helmholtz Erwin Schrödinger Niels Bohr Linus Pauling Mathematics David Hilbert Carl Friedrich Gauss Linguistics Noam Chomsky